Glossary

Acne scars are permanent indentations or raised areas left behind after acne blemishes have healed. They form when the deeper layers of skin (dermis) are damaged during a breakout. The body tries to repair the damage by producing collagen, but sometimes this collagen production goes awry, resulting in scar formation. Causes: While acne itself causes scars, the severity of scarring depends on several factors like the depth and severity of the breakout, picking at pimples, and individual skin predisposition. Treatments: Several options exist for minimizing the appearance of acne scars, including topical retinoids, chemical peels, microneedling, laser treatments, and fillers. A dermatologist can recommend the most suitable treatment based on the type and severity of scarring. Disclaimer: While treatments can significantly improve their appearance, results vary, and acne scars may not be completely erased.

Actinic keratoses (AKs) are rough, scaly patches that develop on sun-exposed areas of the skin. They are considered precancerous, meaning they have the potential to develop into squamous cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer, if left untreated. Causes: Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun is the primary cause. People with fair skin, a history of sunburn, and those who spend significant time outdoors are at higher risk. Treatments: Early detection and treatment are crucial. Treatment options for AKs include topical medications like imiquimod or fluorouracil, cryotherapy (freezing), or surgical removal with curettage or shave biopsy. Consulting a dermatologist for diagnosis and the most suitable treatment approach is essential. Disclaimer: While treatments are highly effective in removing AKs, they do not prevent new ones from forming. Consistent sun protection with SPF 30 or higher and broad-spectrum UVA/UVB protection is vital to prevent AKs and skin cancer.

Age spots, also known as solar lentigines, are flat, brown spots that appear on sun-exposed areas of the skin, like the face, hands, shoulders, and arms. They are caused by overproduction of melanin, the pigment that gives skin its color. Causes: Sun exposure is the primary cause. Age is a factor as well, though age spots don’t necessarily appear only in older adults. Treatments: Age spots are not harmful but can be cosmetically bothersome. Several options exist for lightening them, including topical creams containing hydroquinone, kojic acid, or azelaic acid. Chemical peels and laser treatments may be offered by dermatologists for more stubborn cases. Sun protection is crucial to prevent new age spots from forming. Disclaimer: Complete removal of age spots might not always be achievable. However, consistent sun protection and appropriate treatments can significantly improve their appearance.

Alopecia refers to hair loss, but it’s a broader term encompassing various types of hair loss with different causes. Androgenetic alopecia (common male/female pattern baldness) is one type of alopecia. Alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder that causes patchy hair loss, is another example. Causes: As mentioned earlier, hair loss can be caused by various factors, including genetics, hormones, medical conditions, medications, stress, and nutritional deficiencies. The specific cause determines the type of alopecia. Treatments: Treatment for alopecia depends on the underlying cause. Refer to the information on “Hair Loss” (and stimulating hair growth) for treatment options that may be applicable depending on the type of alopecia. Consulting a dermatologist for diagnosis and a personalized treatment plan is crucial. Disclaimer: Similar to hair loss in general, the effectiveness of alopecia treatments varies depending on the type and severity. While some treatments can be effective, complete hair regrowth might not always be

Benign growths are noncancerous bumps that appear on the skin. Two common types are: Treatments: While benign and typically harmless, some people may choose to have them removed for cosmetic reasons. Skin tags can be easily removed by a dermatologist with clipping, cryotherapy, or laser treatment. Warts have various treatment options depending on the type, including topical medications, cryotherapy, laser therapy, or in-office procedures like curettage or surgical removal. Disclaimer: Treatment success rates vary depending on the type of benign growth. While some may be easily removed, others like some warts may require persistent treatment to prevent recurrence. Consulting a dermatologist for diagnosis and treatment is recommended.